In this short video we describe the different steps you’ll need to take to bond aluminium with industrial adhesive.
1. Choose the Right Adhesive (Click here to read how)
2. Prepare the Surface Correctly
3. Apply the Adhesive Correctly
4. Allow the Adhesive to Cure
5. Test the Bond
Need help choosing the right adhesive? Take the 45-second quiz below to find a recommendation by just answering a few questions.
Aerok 8040 is a slow-curing structural epoxy adhesive. It has high lap shear strength and a long working life. Aerok 8040 is ideal for applications that require a durable and high-strength bond, particularly in harsh environments.
All structural applications requiring:
• Large-scale assembly.
• Component Assembly in harsh conditions
• Long open time
• High shear strength
• Toughened formulation
• Excellent chemical resistance
• Superior weathering resistance
• Bonds well to metals and composites
Formoa 004 is a single component hybrid polymer sealant adhesive. It is designed for general purpose sealing applications that require a high-quality sealant with excellent stay white properties and can also be used for semi-structural bonding applications.
Industrial Applications that are sealing and bonding: Industrial manufacturers that require one product in their process which can bond as well as seal. This helps to avoid the number of products being used and keeps cost and misapplication errors to a minimum.
Interior and exterior sealing/bonding applications: Any lightweight bonding or sealing application that needs a high-quality product to remain durable and not compromise performance. The excellent stay-white properties make help it retain the aesthetic benefits.
• Low viscosity and easy to use
• Good bonding strength for sealing and bonding
• Excellent stay wiite properties and durability
Purok VX90 is an acrylic structural adhesive.
It is designed for bonding Low Surface energy plastics like polypropylene, polyethylene, and thermoplastic elastomers.
Purok VX90 comes in a 1:1 mix ratio.
• Bonds low surface energy plastics like polypropylene and polyethylene
• Does not require primer or abrasion to achieve a strong bond
• Impact toughened
• High strength bond to metals, plastics, and composites
• Effective for bonding dissimilar vehicles with minimal surface preparation e.g. metals, plastics, and composites.
• Perfect for bonding joints that will experience lots of movement and dynamic load as the high flexibility will absorb any impact.
| Specialist Application | Low Surface Energy Plastics/Polyolefins |
| Strength (Polypropylene) | 15 MPa (Substrate Failure) |
| Surface Prep? | Minimal |
| Impact Toughened | Yes |
| Open Time | 15 Minutes |
| Fixture Time | > 5 Hours |
Aerok® 8010 is a two component fast curing epoxy-mercaptan based system that has a fast working time and fixture time of 25 minutes.
When cured it forms a clear strong bond between most metals, plastics and composite
• Fast room temperature cure
• Clear formulation
• Low viscosity allowing for easy extrusion
• High lap shear strength
• High hardness
• Suitable for bonding most prepared metals, plastics and composites
| Colour | Clear |
| Max Open Time | <4 minutes |
| Handling Time (Minimum time to achieve >0.4 MPa overlap shear strength) | 20-25 minutes |
| Time to reach peak exotherm (10 g mass) | 4-5 minutes |
Aerok 8020 is a structural adhesive with excellent adhesion to a wide variety of metallic and composite substrates.
It is a two part epoxy system featuring the highest quality raw materials to bring excellent adhesion and impact resistance together with time efficient cure speeds, even at room temperature.
All structural applications requiring:
• Impact resistance.
• Resistance to high dynamic forces.
• High static load-bearing.
• Resistance to chemicals and extreme environmental conditons
• Durable with high impact resistance.
• High shear and compressive strength.
• Outstanding environmental performance.
| Colour | Clear |
| Max Open Time | <4 minutes |
| Handling Time (Minimum time to achieve >0.4 MPa overlap shear strength) | 20-25 minutes |
| Time to reach peak exotherm (10 g mass) | 4-5 minutes |
Formoa 760 is a very high quality hybrid polymer based seam-sealant that can be beaded or sprayed.
Once cured it will provide a very tough and flexible coating for underbody and chassis protection – helping to prevent water ingress.
When used with the Formoa SS spray applicator,a professional OEM like finish will be achieved.
• Sealing of welded seams and joints.
• Acoustic vibration dampening.
• Prevention of water ingress.
• Complete under-body protection.
• Ecological advantages - free of isocyanates, solvents, halogens and acids.
• Does not shrink, crack or harden.
• Professional OEM like finish.
• High specific adhesion on most substrates.
• UV resistant.
• High impact resistance.
• Easy to apply with little or no overspray.
• Easy to apply.
• Minimal health and safety considerations.
• Chemical resistant.
| Base Material | Hybrid Polymer |
| Consistency | Stable Paste |
| Curing System | Moisture |
| Density (Kg/l) | 1.35 |
| Skin Over Time (mins) | 13 |
| Through Cure Rate (mm/24hrs) | 2.5 |
Purok VX90 is an acrylic structural adhesive.
It is designed for bonding Low Surface energy plastics like polypropylene, polyethylene, and thermoplastic elastomers.
Purok VX90 comes in a 1:1 mix ratio.
• Bonds low surface energy plastics like polypropylene and polyethylene
• Does not require primer or abrasion to achieve a strong bond
• Impact toughened
• High strength bond to metals, plastics, and composites
• Effective for bonding dissimilar vehicles with minimal surface preparation e.g. metals, plastics, and composites.
• Perfect for bonding joints that will experience lots of movement and dynamic load as the high flexibility will absorb any impact.
| Specialist Application | Low Surface Energy Plastics/Polyolefins |
| Strength (Polypropylene) | 15 MPa (Substrate Failure) |
| Surface Prep? | Minimal |
| Impact Toughened | Yes |
| Open Time | 15 Minutes |
| Fixture Time | > 5 Hours |
Purok VX67 is a two component hybrid toughened structural methacrylate adhesive for bonding a wide range of solid surface materials, quartz, granite, natural stone, plastics and composites.
• Effective for bonding dissimilar materials e.g. bare metal, painted metal, plastics, glass and ceramics.
• Jointing of solid surface materials such as MMA cast resin, Quartz, granite, natural stone and ceramic.
• Excellent adhesion.
• High durability.
• Excellent impact, peel and shear resistance.
• Non-sagging and thixotropic.
• Gap fill up to 2mm.
• Range of colours.
• Other cure profiles available.
• UV stable.
| Strength (Metals) | 21MPa |
| Flexibility (Tensile Elongation) | 15% |
| Chemical Resistance | High |
| Toughened? | Yes |
| Open Time | 5 mins or 10 mins |
| Fixture Time | 7 mins or 20 mins |
Purok® VX65 is a two component hybrid toughened structural methacrylate adhesive for bonding a wide range of solid surface materials, quartz, granite natural stone, plastics and composites.
• Effective for bonding dissimilar materials e.g. bare metal, painted metal, plastics, glass and ceramics.
• Jointing of solid surface materials such as MMA cast resin, Quartz, granite, natural stone and ceramic.
• Excellent adhesion.
• High durability.
• Excellent impact, peel and shear resistance.
• Non-sagging and thixotropic.
• Gap fill up to 2mm.
• Range of colours.
• Other cure profiles available.
• UV stable.
• Low viscosity
| Strength (Metals) | 14MPa |
| Flexibility (Tensile Elongation) | 200% |
| Impact Resistance | High |
| Surface Prep? | Minimal |
| Open Time | 10 mins or 20 mins |
| Fixture Time | 20 mins or 50 mins |
Purok VX70 is an acrylic structural adhesive.
It has very high flexibility meaning it is ideal for bonding applications with lots of movement and heavy impact.
It is two-component and can come in two varying cure speeds;
VX 70-15 – Fixture Time of 15-20 minutes
VX 70-40 – Fixture Time of 40-50 minutes
• Effective for bonding dissimilar vehicles with minimal surface preparation e.g. metals, plastics, and composites.
• Perfect for bonding joints that will experience lots of movement and dynamic load as the high flexibility will absorb any impact.
• Very High Flexibility
• High lap shear strength
• Minimal surface prep required.
• Fast cure speed
• Non-sag Formulation
| Strength (Metals) | 14MPa |
| Flexibility (Tensile Elongation) | 200% |
| Impact Resistance | High |
| Surface Prep? | Minimal |
| Open Time | 10 mins or 20 mins |
| Fixture Time | 20 mins or 50 mins |
Formoa Primer Pp is used to improve the surface energy of rigid or elastomeric low surface energy plastics such as, polypropylene, foamed TPE, acrylics and ABS.
• Pours
• Non-porous
• GRP• ABS
• Polycarbonate
• Laminate
• Polypropylene
• One-component synthetic resin used to increase the surface energy of some plastic substrates.
• Low viscosity for ease of application.
• Clear, transparent solution which can be applied in visible areas
| Product Type | One-component |
| Base Material | Polyurethane |
| Consistency | Liquid |
| Colour | Black |
| Specific Gravity (g/ml) | 1.0 |
| Flash Off (mins) | 30 |
| Consumption | Approx 3-4m² / L |
Formoa PG (one-component) is a black primer specifically for treating glass with no ceramic frit coating.
Applied before Formoa 055, Formoa Screen and Formoa SE2, it gives a protective film against UV rays on the bonding surface between the adhesive and the glass
• Pours
• Non-porous
• GRP
• Glass
• ABS
• Polycarbonate
• Wood
• Laminate
• One-component polyurethane glass primer used to consolidate porous substrates and improve adhesion to low surface energy substrates.
• Low viscosity for ease of application.
• Opaque black colour reduce UV light through glass substrates to protect the adhesive bond and visible light transference through the primer.
| Product Type | One-component |
| Base Material | Polyurethane |
| Consistency | Liquid |
| Colour | Black |
| Specific Gravity (g/ml) | 1.0 |
| Flash Off (mins) | 30 |
| Consumption | Approx 3-4m² / L |
Formoa® Surface Activator is a cleaner / adhesion promoter that can be used with all Formoa adhesives to increase adhesion and durability. For use on non-porous substrates such as metals, glass and composites.
It is silicone and solvent free and is very easy to extrude and tool up.
• Cleaning and activating of non-porous substrates such as aluminium, steel, GRP, galvanised steel, glass prior to bonding with Formoa adhesive
• Rapid flash off time
• Cleans and activates the bond surface
• Easy to apply and use – wipe on and flash off
• Increases bond durability
| Base | Solvents and special activating agents |
| Consistency | Liquid |
| Specific Gravity | 0.78g/ml |
| Flash Point | 13°C |
| Flash Off (mins) | 10 |
Formoa® 010 Colours is a high quality, solvent free single component joint sealant with high adhesive strength, available in over 200 colours.
It has been developed for applications in a wide range of industries where an exact colour matched seal / bond is required with no diminution in performance when exposed to extreme conditions and demanding environments.It has excellent weathering and UV resistance, high adhesion and can be used on composite, GRP / FRP, vinyl flooring material, metals, plastics, poly coated steel, concrete, painted surfaces, flexible and rigid PVC / EPDM, etc.
Formoa® 010 Colours can be matched to any RAL / BS / Pantone / NCS reference or your specific substrate.
• Internal / external sealing and bonding applications in the automotive, mass transportation, commercial vehicle, caravan, marine, rail and aerospace industries.
• Sealing where a tough / flexible, anti-pick joint is required.
• Bonding of interior / exterior mouldings and sheet material.
• Silicone and solvent free.
• High bond strength.
• High UV performance.
• Excellent adhesion.
• High performance mechanical properties.
• Anti-pick properties.
• Straightforward application even in adverse conditions.
• No bubble formation within sealant.
• Primerless adhesion.
• Very easy to tool and finish.
• Good extrudability.
• Minimal health and safety considerations.
• Resistance to many chemicals.
• No staining of porous materials such a natural stone, granite, marble, etc.
• No odour.
| Base Material | Hybrid Polymer |
| Consistency | Stable Paste |
| Curing System | Moiusture |
| Density (g/ml) | 1.48 |
| Skin Over Time (mins) | 15 |
| Through Cure Rate (mm/24hrs) | 3.5 |
Formoa 063 is a high quality, solvent free, single component joint sealant with high adhesive strength, developed for sealing and bonding applications in commercial vehicle and mass transportation industries.
It is easy to extrude and tool up, has high specific adhesion, does not shrink on cure and has high UV resistance.
• Internal / external sealing and bonding applications in the automotive, mass transportation, commercial vehicle, caravan, marine, rail and aerospace industries.
• Sealing where a tough / flexible, anti-pick joint is required.
• Bonding of interior / exterior mouldings and sheet material.
• High bond strength.
• Excellent adhesion.
• High performance mechanical properties.
• Straightforward application even in adverse conditions.
• No bubble formation within sealant.
• Primerless adhesion.
• Very easy to tool and finish.
• Good extrudability.
• Ecological advantages - free of isocyanates, solvents, halogens and acids.
• Minimal health and safety considerations.
• Resistance to many chemicals.
• No staining of porous materials such a natural stone, granite, marble, etc.
• High UV performance.
| Base Material | Hybrid Polymer |
| Consistency | Stable Paste |
| Curing System | Moisture |
| Density (Kg/l) | 1.58 |
| Skin Over Time (mins) | 16 |
| Through Cure Rate (mm/24hrs) | 3.5 |
Formoa 006 Crystal is a very high performance crystal clear joint sealant, based on hybrid polymer technology.
It is silicone and solvent free and is very easy to extrude and tool up.
• Internal / external sealing applications in the automotive, mass transportation, commercial vehicle, caravan, rail and aerospace industries.
• Sealing where a tough / flexible, anti-pick joint is required.
• Sealing where a crystal clear joint is required.
• Silicone and solvent free.
• Excellent adhesion.
• High performance mechanical properties.
• Straightforward application even in adverse conditions.
• No bubble formation within sealant.
• Primerless adhesion.
• Very easy to tool and finish.
• Good extrudability.
• Minimal health and safety considerations.
• Resistance to many chemicals.
• No staining of porous materials such a natural stone, granite, marble, etc.
• High UV performance.
| Base Material | Hybrid Polymer |
| Consistency | Stable Paste |
| Curing System | Moisture |
| Density (Kg/l) | 1.07 |
| Skin Over Time (mins) | 10 |
| Through Cure Rate (mm/24hrs) | 2 |
Formoa Screen Extra 2 is a high performance adhesive for primerless bonding of windscreens and side glass in mass transit vehicles.
It has very high initial tack and green strength and rapid strength build up.
Available in Colours
290ml Cartridge
600ml Foil pack
Colours Available
Black
• For use in glass bonding applications in the bus, coach, automotive, rail and leisure vehicle industries.
• For glass bonding in after-market applications where fast drive away times are required.
• Structural elastic bonding between metal, composite, painted surfaces, and many plastics (not PE, PP or Teflon).
• High green strength, quick build-up of end strength, high sheer strength after full cure.
• High-performance mechanical properties.
• Combines high stiffness with very high bond strength.
• Does not contain isocyanates, silicone, solvent.
• Can be sanded after full cure.
• No bubble formation within adhesive.
• Very easy to tool and finish.
• High UV resistance.
• Minimal health and safety considerations.
• High specific adhesion.
• Excellent long term durability.
• Odourless.
• No shrinkage.
| Base Material | Hybrid Polymer |
| Consistency | Stable Paste |
| Curing System | Moisture |
| Density (Kg/l) | 1.4 |
| Skin Over Time (mins) | 9 |
| Through Cure Rate (mm/24hrs) | 3.8 |
Formoa Screen is a high quality, single component, primerless glass bonding adhesive with high adhesive strength and excellent long term durability.
It is easy to extrude and tool up and has fast through cure.
Available in Colours
600ml Foil pack
Colours Available
Black
• For use in glass bonding applications in the car, coach, caravan, marine, train, aerospace industries, where a tough and flexible bond is required.
• Structural elastic bonding between metal,composite, painted surfaces, and many plastics (not PE, PP or Teflon)
• Backfilling / sealing between glass and body side.
• High-performance mechanical properties.
• Does not contain isocyanates, silicone, solvent.
• Can be sanded after full cure.
• No bubble formation within adhesive.
• Very easy to tool and finish.
• High UV resistance.
• Minimal health and safety considerations.
• High specific adhesion.
• Excellent long term durability.
• Odourless.
• No shrinkage.
• Easy to extrude and tool up
| Base Material | Hybrid Polymer |
| Consistency | Stable Paste |
| Curing System | Moisture |
| Density (Kg/l) | 1.47 |
| Skin Over Time (mins) | 9 |
| Through Cure Rate (mm/24hrs) | 3.5 |
Formoa 055 is a high-quality single component, primerless glass bonding adhesive with high adhesive strength and excellent long-term durability.
It has fast skin time and rapid strength build up
Available in Colours
600ml Foil pack
Colours Available
Black
• For use in glass bonding applications in the car, coach, caravan, marine, train, aerospace industries, where a tough and flexible bond is required.
• Structural elastic bonding between metal surfaces, coated surfaces and many plastics (not PE, PP, Teflon).
• Structural bonding in vibrating constructions.
• Backfilling / seaming between glass and body side.
• High-performance mechanical properties.
• Combines high-stiffness with very high-bond strength.
• High green strength, quick build-up of end strength, high-shear strength after full cure.
• Does not contain isocyanates, silicone, solvent.
• Can be sanded after full cure.
• Flexible elastic rubber - movement accommodation up to 20%.
• No bubble formation within sealant (in high temperature and humidity applications).
• Very easy to tool and finish.
• Colour stability and UV resistance.
• Withstands all climatic conditions.
• Minimal health and safety considerations.
| Base Material | Hybrid Polymer |
| Consistency | Stable Paste |
| Curing System | Moisture |
| Density (Kg/l) | 1.43 |
| Skin Over Time (mins) | 14 |
| Through Cure Rate (mm/24hrs) | 3 |
Available in Colours
290ml Cartridge
600ml Foil pack
Colours Available
White
Formoa 066 White is a high quality, solvent free, single component adhesive / sealant developed for bonding and sealing applications in commercial vehicle and mass transportation industries.
It has high bond strength, high specific adhesion, does not shrink on cure and has high UV resistance.
Available in Colours
290ml Cartridge
600ml Foil pack
Colours Available
Black
• Internal / external bonding and sealing applications in the automotive, mass transportation, commercial vehicle, caravan, marine, rail and aerospace industries.
• An all-round, one product solution where one product is required for bonding and sealing.
• High bond strength.
• Excellent adhesion on a very wide range of substrates.
• High performance mechanical properties.
• Does not contain isocyanates, silicone or solvents.
• No bubble formation on cure.
• Primerless adhesion.
• Easy to extrude and tool up.
• Minimal health and safety considerations
• Good resistance to many chemicals.
• No staining of porous materials such a natural stone, granite, marble, etc.
• Colour stable and high UV performance.
• Straight forward application even in adverse conditions.
| Base Material | Hybrid Polymer |
| Consistency | Stable Paste |
| Curing System | Moisture |
| Density (g/ml) | 1.5 |
| Skin Over Time (mins) | 12 |
| Through Cure Rate (mm/24hrs) | 4 |
Formoa® 064 SW+ is a high quality, solvent free, single component joint sealant with high adhesive strength – developed specifically for sealing and bonding applications in refrigerated vehicle construction.
It contains an active fungicide to inhibit mould growth (tested to ISO 846B), is easy to extrude and tool up, has fast skin time and has high UV resistance / non-yellowing properties.
Available in Colours
290ml Cartridge
600ml Foil pack
Colours Available
White
Internal / external sealing and bonding applications in refrigerated vehicle construction.
• Sealing applications where a tough, flexible, stay white, mould free joint is required.
• Bonding of interior / exterior mouldings and sheet material.
• Resistant to microfungal growth ISO 846B
• High bond strength on nearly all surfaces.
• Bright - stay white formulation.
| Base Material | Hybrid Polymer |
| Consistency | Stable Paste |
| Curing System | Moisture |
| Density (g/ml) | 1.59 |
| Skin Over Time (mins) | 9 |
| Through Cure Rate (mm/24hrs) | 4.5 |
Formoa 095 is a very high performance hybrid polymer adhesive for bonding applications in commercial vehicle and mass transport industries where a tough, elastic structural bond is required.
It has high bond strength, high initial tack / grab and fast strength build up
Available in Colours
290ml Cartridge
600ml Foil pack
Colours Available
White and black
• Structural elastic bonding between metal, composite painted surfaces, and many plastics (not PE, PP or Teflon).
• Structural bonding applications in the car, coach,caravan, marine, train and aerospace industries.
• Structural bonding of fixtures on vertical surfaces.
• Very high performance mechanical properties.
• High initial tack / grab
• High bond strength
• Quick build-up of end strength.
• High shear strength after full cure.
• Does not contain isocyanates, silicone or solvents.
• Can be sanded after full cure.
• Suited for application in warm, humid climates.
• No bubble formation on cure.
• Very easy to tool and finish.
• Colour stable and UV resistant.
• Withstands all climatic conditions.
• Minimal health and safety considerations.
| Base Material | Hybrid Polymer |
| Consistency | Stable Paste |
| Curing System | Moisture |
| Density (g/ml) | 1.49 |
| Skin Over Time (mins) | 10 |
| Through Cure Rate (mm/24hrs) | 4 |
Formoa® 017 FE is a very high performance MS Polymer adhesive. We engineered it for semi-structural bonding where a high degree of flexibility is required.
It is popular in a range of industries including Commercial Vehicle, Mass Transportation, and Marine.
Available in Colours
290ml Cartridge
600ml Foil pack
Colours Available
White
• Structural elastic bonding in vibrating constructions between metal, composites, painted surfaces, andmost plastics (will require primer with PE, PP, and Teflon).
• Structural bonding applications in automotive, mass transportation, caravan, marine, and aerospace industries.
• Bondings which pass through paint tunnels.
• Excellent adhesion.
• High performance mechanical properties.
• High bond strength.
• Quick build-up of end strength.
• High shear strength after full cure.
• Does not contain isocyanates, silicone or solvents.
• Can be sanded after full cure.
• Flexible elastic rubber, movement accommodation up to 20%.
• Suited for application in warm, humid climates.
• No bubble formation within sealant.
• Very easy to tool and finish.
• Colour stable and UV resistant.
• Can be painted when wet with most industrial paints.
• Withstands all climatic conditions.
• Minimal health and safety considerations.
• Easy to extrude.
| Base Material | Hybrid Polymer |
| Consistency | Stable Paste |
| Curing System | Moisture |
| Density (g/ml) | 1.46 |
| Skin Over Time (mins) | 10 |
| Through Cure Rate (mm/24hrs) | 4 |
Formoa 017LT is a high-quality single component adhesive sealant with medium to high viscosity and high adhesive strength.
It has an extended open time for use on larger surface areas and in higher heat / humidity environments
Available in Colours
290ml Cartridge
600ml Foil pack
Colours Available
White
• Structural elastic bonding in vibrating constructions between metal, composites, painted surfaces, andmost plastics (will require primer with PE, PP, and Teflon).
• Structural bonding applications in automotive, mass transportation, caravan, marine, and aerospace industries.
• Bondings which pass through paint tunnels.
• High performance mechanical properties.
• High bond strength.
• High shear strength after full cure.
• Does not contain isocyanates, silicone or solvents.
• Can be sanded after full cure.
• Flexible elastic rubber.
• Suited for application in warm, humid climates.
• No bubble formation within sealant.
• Very easy to tool and finish.
• Colour stable and UV resistant.
• Can be painted wet-on-wet in paint trains with most industrial paints.
• Withstands all climatic conditions.
• Minimal health and safety considerations.
• Easy to extrude.
| Base Material | Hybrid Polymer |
| Consistency | Stable Paste |
| Curing System | Moiusture |
| Density (g/ml) | 1.48 |
| Skin Over Time (mins) | 15 |
| Through Cure Rate (mm/24hrs) | 3.5 |
Formoa 024 is a very high performance hybrid polymer adhesive engineered for commercial vehicle and mass transportation applications.
It has high bond strength, very high flexibility, and low viscosity
Available in Colours
600ml Foil pack
Colours Available
White and grey
• Structural elastic bonding between metal, composite, painted surfaces, and many plastics (not PE, PP or Teflon).
• Structural bonding and external sealing applications in the car, coach, caravan, marine, train and aerospace industries
• Excellent adhesion.
• High performance mechanical properties.
• Quick build-up of end strength.
• Does not contain isocyanates, silicone or solvents.
• Can be sanded after full cure.
• Flexible elastic rubber, movement accommodation up to 20%.
• Suited for application in warm, humid climates.
• No bubble formation within sealant.
• Very easy to tool and finish.
• Colour stable and UV resistant.
• Can be painted wet-on-wet in paint trains with most industrial paints.
• Withstands all climatic conditions.
• Minimal health and safety considerations.
• Easy to extrude.
| Base Material | Hybrid Polymer |
| Consistency | Stable Paste |
| Curing System | Moisture |
| Density (g/ml) | 1.36 |
| Skin Over Time (mins) | 24 |
| Through Cure Rate (mm/24hrs) | 3.5 |
